Table of Contents
A dam is a structure built across a stream, river or estuary to retain water. Dams are made from a variety of materials such as rock, steel and wood.
Fig 1 : Structure of Dams
Gravity dams are dams which resist the horizontal thrust of the water entirely by their own weight.
Concrete gravity dams are typically used to block streams through narrow gorges.
Material of Construction:
Concrete, Rubber Masonry
Fig 2 : Example of Gravity Dam Design
Fig 3 : The Grande Dixence Dam in 2004, facing west and Mont Blava (Source Wikipidea)
An arch dam is a curved dam which is dependent upon arch action for its strength.
Arch dams are thinner and therefore require less material than any other type of dam.
Arch dams are good for sites that are narrow and have strong abutments.
Fig 4 : Jinping-I Dam also known as the Jinping-I Hydropower Station or Jinping 1st Cascade
Fig 5 : Typical vertical elements of Arch dams
Buttress dams are dams in which the face is held up by a series of supports.
Buttress dams can take many forms – the face may be flat or curved.
Material of Construction: Concrete, Timber, Steel
Fig 6 : Design of buttress Dam
Fig 7 : Roselend Dam in France
Embankment dams are massive dams made of earth or rock.
They rely on their weight to resist the flow of water.
Material of Construction: Earth, Rock
Fig 8: Embankment Dam Design
Fig 9 : Cross-sectional view of a typical earthen embankment dam
These types of dams are made out of rocks and gravel and constructed so that water cannot leak from the upper stream side and through the middle of the structure. It is best suited in the area where rocks are around.
Fig 10 : Mohale Dam, Lesotho: highest concrete-face rock-fill dam in Africa
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